论李自成起义失败的内因

明朝末年李自成领导农民起义,经过15年的艰苦奋斗,推翻了腐败的明王朝,建立了"大顺"农民政权,但是仅仅42天就丢了江山。其中原因值得探究。马克思主义认为,内因决定事物的性质和发展方向。深层次地挖掘李自成起义失败的内因,有助于我们深刻地认识这场农民起义,并以此加深对农民阶级的阶级特征与阶级属性的认识,从而丰富农民起义史的研究。     

朴正熙掌权之初与肯尼迪政府互动关系探析

1961年5．16政变成功之后,张都瑛成为军政府的领导核心。但美国肯尼迪政府没有急于支持张都瑛,而是采取了谨慎的观望态度。在美国犹豫之际,朴正熙则很快采取主动,在短时间内清除了张都瑛势力,成为军政府的权力核心。对于军政府内部的权力斗争,肯尼迪政府静观其变,待确定朴正熙已经稳固在韩国军政府中的地位并积极配合美国的对韩政策之后,肯尼迪政府才明确公开了对朴正熙的支持立场。肯尼迪政府对朴正熙的立场从一个侧面反映了美国对韩政策的谨慎特征,表明美国并不愿意过分介入韩国政府内部的权力斗争。美国对朴正熙的支持,很大程度上是朴正熙自身努力的结果。     

成就与不足:20世纪六七十年代河北省机井建设研究

1965年以后,中国的北方地区进入了长达50年干旱时期,为了解决海河流域长期干旱的问题,国家做出了抗旱打井的决定,并从1973年起纳入国家计划,在经费、设备等方面给予重点支持。河北是全国开展机井建设最早的省份,期间持续开展了大规模的群众性机井建设,是机井发展最快的时期。总的来看,河北省机井建设成绩很大,对改变农业生产面貌、扭转南粮北调起了重要作用。但也存在一定的不足,需要系统总结和深刻反思。     

A court file analysis of child protection cases: What do children say?

Children's participation in legal proceedings affecting them personally has been gaining importance. So far, a primary research concern has been how children experience their participation in court proceedings. However, little is known about the child's voice itself: Are children able to clearly express their wishes, and if so, what do they say in child protection cases? In this study, we extracted information about children's statements from court file data of 220 child protection cases in Germany. We found 182 children were asked about their wishes. The majority of the statements found came either from reports of the guardians ad litem or from judicial records of the child hearings. Using content analysis, three main aspects of the statements were extracted: wishes concerning main place of residence, wishes about whom to have or not contact with, and children granting decision‐making authority to someone else. Children's main focus was on their parents, but others (e.g., relatives and foster care providers) were also mentioned. Intercoder agreement was substantial. Making sure that child hearings are as informative as possible is in the child's best interest. Therefore, the categories developed herein might help professionals to ask questions more precisely relevant to the child.     

Reinvigorating the social contract and strengthening social cohesion: Social protection responses to COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed the vulnerability of those who are inadequately covered by social protection in more and less developed countries alike, and has exacerbated the fragility of a social contract that was already under strain in many countries. A weak social contract in the context of an exceptional crisis poses a very real risk to social cohesion. Nevertheless, many States have reasserted themselves as the guarantor of rights by protecting public health and incomes. By sustaining these measures, economic recovery will be supported which will help minimize risks that may weaken social cohesion. However, this is a fast-moving, inherently unstable and protracted crisis. Social protection stands at a critical juncture. Decisive policy action will be required to strengthen social protection systems, including floors, as one of the cornerstones of a reinvigorated social contract.     

The nutrition-related information seeking behaviours and attitudes of pregnant women with a high BMI: A qualitative study

BackgroundThe prevalence of high body mass index is increasing amongst women of child bearing age. High maternal body mass index has ramifications for both mother and baby including increased health risks from gestational diabetes mellitus, caesarean section and stillbirth. Despite the increasing prevalence of high maternal body mass index little is known of the experiences of these women regarding nutrition information access and use during the antenatal period.MethodsA qualitative study using individual interviews was undertaken at a tertiary hospital in south-eastern Australia. Twenty-Eight women with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m² participated. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, cross-checked for consistency and entered into a word processing document for further scrutiny. Data was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). In any phenomenological study the researcher’s objective is to elicit the participant’s views on their lived experiences.FindingsThree major themes emerged: (1) Nutrition-related information attainment; (2) Nutrition-related information management; (3) Nutrition-related information needs and wants.ConclusionThe findings from this study may assist the future development and dissemination of nutrition-related information for pregnant women with a high body mass index. Women want more individualised support regarding nutritional requirements during pregnancy.     

论《侵权责任法》规定的医疗产品损害责任

《侵权责任法》规定的医疗产品损害责任，从性质上来说，既是医疗损害责任的一个特殊类型，也属于产品责任的范畴，适用无过错责任原则。其中第59条规制的适用范围包括有缺陷的药品、消毒药剂和医疗器械以及不合格的血液，但此适用范围应予以界定。在此界定内，导致患者损害的医疗机构、生产者所承担的赔偿责任才是《侵权责任法》第59条规定的医疗产品损害责任。     

京津冀一体化河北省钢铁产业转型升级效果评价指标体系构建及应用研究

在实施产业转型升级过程中,构建合适的效果评价指标体系是一个复杂而重要的环节。依托京津冀一体化的发展现状,在分析了评价指标体系设计原则的基础上,从河北省钢铁产业转型升级对环境的影响、对省内经济的产业贡献和产业自身高效持续发展这三个维度出发,建立了京津冀一体化背景下河北省钢铁产业转型升级效果评价指标体系,为河北省钢铁产业转型升级的效果评价提供了一种结构性方法。据此,又提出了运用这一指标体系具体实施评价的原则与思路,从而为这一宏观实践活动提供了有益的启示。     

侗族芦笙文化论

因侗族芦笙习俗而形成的侗族芦笙文化，为侗族民众所喜闻乐见。侗族芦笙文化是一种礼仪文化，不尚武，只追求亲和。和侗族其他文化一样，其精髓就是追求和谐的社会价值观。可以说侗族芦笙文化是最能体现东方文明的文化。对推动人类社会的文明与进步，促进人类团结、和谐、友好相处具有极强的现实意义。     

How Large Are Your G-Values? Try Gosset’s Guinnessometrics When a Little “p” Is Not Enough

Abstract

A crisis of validity has emerged from three related crises of science, that is, the crises of statistical significance and complete randomization, of replication, and of reproducibility. Guinnessometrics takes commonplace assumptions and methods of statistical science and stands them on their head, from little p-values to unstructured Big Data. Guinnessometrics focuses instead on the substantive significance which emerges from a small series of independent and economical yet balanced and repeated experiments. Originally developed and market-tested by William S. Gosset aka “Student” in his job as Head Experimental Brewer at the Guinness Brewery in Dublin, Gosset’s economic and common sense approach to statistical inference and scientific method has been unwisely neglected. In many areas of science and life, the 10 principles of Guinnessometrics or G-values outlined here can help. Other things equal, the larger the G-values, the better the science and judgment. By now a colleague, neighbor, or YouTube junkie has probably shown you one of those wacky psychology experiments in a video involving a gorilla, and testing the limits of human cognition. In one video, a person wearing a gorilla suit suddenly appears on the scene among humans, who are themselves engaged in some ordinary, mundane activity such as passing a basketball. The funny thing is, prankster researchers have discovered, when observers are asked to think about the mundane activity (such as by counting the number of observed passes of a basketball), the unexpected gorilla is frequently unseen (for discussion see Kahneman 2011 Kahneman, D. (2011), Thinking Fast and Slow, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. [Google Scholar]). The gorilla is invisible. People don’t see it.